lotteries are of ancient origin; they were used in the entertainment of the roman emperors and later of the feudal princes of europe. the first state lottery is believed __1__ in 1520 in france, __2__ lotteries became an important source of royal revenue. lotteries suffered a __3__ in the 19th century. the frequency of fraud in the operation of private lotteries __4__ their prohibition by many countries, and __5__ most public lotteries also were discontinued. lotteries were being used in the 20th century by some governments and by charitable and religious institutions to __6__ revenue. spain, italy, and __7__ other countries hold public lotteries; france reinstituted its national lottery in 1933. perhaps __8__ of all lotteries of this century was the irish hospitals